Pathology I & II BSN 2nd Year Syllabus and Course Outline

Pathophysiology-I&II HEC Curriculum

Pathology I & II BSN 2nd Year Syllabus and Course Outline, HEC, PNC, UHS, Content and outline.

Course Description

    This course provides learners with the opportunities to build on the concepts and knowledge about the altered Physiological mechanisms and their impact on the functional status of the body. It also deals with the responses of the body that participate in manifestation of disease. The usefulness of knowledge, skills and attitudes to the nurse in his/her problem solving in the hospital, school, community or home is the determining factor in the selection and integration of the content. 

Course Objectives

On completion of year II, learners will be able to: 

1. Discuss the factors in the environment, which contribute to produce changes in normal physiological processes of human body. 

2. Relate normal physiology with altered physiological mechanisms in disease process. 

3. Integrate the knowledge of the basic principles of Pathophysiology in caring a patient in hospital and community environment. 

4. Apply the knowledge and principles learnt through laboratory work in their nursing practice. Teaching/Learning Strategies: Pre-reading, lectures, lab work, group discussion, quiz, guest lectures, case base learning, field visits, self study and pre/post tests, etc. 

Evaluation Criteria

Test (s) 40% Group Presentation 15% Lab (Lab Performance) 15% Final Exam 30% Total 100%

Pathology I

Topics

UNIT I: Introduction to Pathophysiology Pathology & Pathophysiology +Differentiate among Pathophysiology and other biomedical sciences

Discuss the basic concepts of disease and its development+Briefly discuss each of the five components of the disease process:

Prevalence +Etiology + Pathogenesis +Clinical manifestation

UNIT II: Mechanism of Infection & Inflammation The stages of an infectious disease after the point at which the potential pathogen enters the body.

List the systemic manifestation of infectious diseases+Discuss the purpose of inflammation

Describe the physiological mechanism involved in the production of five cardinal signs of inflammation

Differentiate the hemodynamic and cellular phases of inflammatory response+Differentiate between chronic and acute inflammation.

UNIT III: Cellular Adaptation & Aberrant Cell Growth Discuss the general changes in cell structure and function that occur as a result of normal adaptive processes.

Describe cellular changes that occur with Atrophy, Hypertrophy, Hyperplasia, Metaplasia and dysplasia and general conditions under which these changes occur.

Differentiate the neoplastic growth from normal adaptive changes

Differentiate between malignant and benign tumors.

Describe the Tumor, Nodes, Metastasis for cancer staging.

Describe the role of Proto oncogene & Anti-oncogene to transform normal cell line to cancer cell lina (Carcinogenesis)

Discuss the predisposing factors of aberrant cell growth.

List the characteristics of cancer cells.

UNIT IV: Trauma & Cell Injury Discuss trauma

Explain the process of cell injury+Discuss reversible & irreversible cell injury

Describe the mechanisms of cell injury that is;

Hypoxic +free radical

Chemical+physical+Nutritional

Discuss cell death in terms of:+Mechanisms & types of necrosis

UNIT V: Homeostasis Imbalances A. Fluid Electrolyte Imbalance Review the physiological mechanism responsible for the movement of fluid and electrolyte in the following body compartments.

Between Intra Cellular Fluid (ICF) & Extra Cellular Fluid (ECF) +Between Intravascular & interstitial.

Discuss the Starling’s Hypothesis to describe the movement of fluid across the capillary wall.+Discuss the classification of fluid electrolyte imbalance in terms of:

Isotonic imbalance+Osmotic imbalance+Compositional imbalance

Discuss the causes manifestation, and pathophysiology of following isotonic imbalance:

hypovolemia

hypervolemia

Discuss the causes, pathophysiology and clinical manifestation of the osmotic imbalance:

Hyponateremia+hypernateremia

Discuss the causes, pathophysiology and clinical manifestation of compositional imbalance: hypokalemia+hyperkalemia

B. Acid Base Imbalance:Review the physiological mechanism responsible to regulate acid base balance in the body i.e.

Buffers (phosphate, hemoglobin, carbonate)+Renal mechanism

Respiratory mechanism

Discuss the classification of acid base imbalance in terms of:Respiratory acidosis+Respiratory alkalosis+Metabolic alkalosis

Discuss how to interpret the arterial blood gases (ABGs) to identify four types of acid base imbalance.

Discuss the causes, pathophysiology and clinical manifestation of+Respiratory acidosis & alkalosis.+Metabolic acidosis & alkalosis.

UNIT VI: Immunological Disorders:Review the following concepts of immune response+Components of immune response

Humoral versus cell mediated immunity+Antigen processing presentation and recognition

Immediate and delayed hypersensitivity+Discuss the disorder of immune response including. AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency syndrome) & Hypersensitivity (allergies)

Discuss the epidemiology, pathogenesis & clinical manifestation of HIV infection.+Discuss the pathophysiology of different types of hypersensitivity (Type I, Type II, Type III & Type IV)

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY-II 

Course Description

    This course provides learners with the opportunities to build on, the concepts and knowledge about the endocrine & neurological related disorders and their impact on the functional status of the body. It also deals with the responses of the body that participate in manifestation of disease. The usefulness of knowledge, skills and attitudes to the nurse in his/her problem solving in the hospital, school, community or home is the determining factor in the selection and integration of the content. 

Course Objectives

On completion of this course, learners will be able to

1. Describe the factors in the environment, which contribute to produce changes in Physiological processes. 

2. Discuss the relationship of normal body function with altered physiological mechanisms in disease process. 

 3. Integrate the knowledge of the basic principles of Pathophysiology in a hospital and community environment.

Teaching/Learning Strategies

Pre-reading, lectures, lab work, group discussion, quiz, guest lectures, case base learning, field visits, self study and pre/post tests, etc. 

Evaluation Criteria

Test (s) 40% Lab performance 15% Group presentation 15% Final 30% 

Pathophysiology II

UNIT I: Genetic Disorders:Differentiate between Genetic & Congenital disorder

Define the following terminologies related to genetic disorders:Trisomy +Monosomy+ Polysomy

Discuss the Chromosomal defects with special emphasis on aneuploidy+Describe the pathophysiology and the clinical manifestation of the following genetics disorders.

Down’s syndrome+Turner’s syndrome+Kleinfelters syndrome

UNIT II: Endocrine & Metabolic Disorders Review the hypothalamic pituitary control mechanism of hormone secretions in the body.

Differentiate between hypo & hyper function of the endocrine glands.

A. Disorders of Growth Hormone:In this session learners will discuss the functions and disorders of the growth hormone.

Discuss the functions of growth hormone+Discuss the disorders of Growth hormones(Gigantism, Acromegaly & Dwarfism)

B. Disorders of endocrine pancreas (Diabetes Mellitus):Review of Anatomy & Physiology of endocrine pancreas+Briefly discuss the classification of diabetes mellitus (DM)

Discuss etiology, pathophysiology, and clinical manifestations of Type 1 DM & Type 2 DM+Identify the main differences between Type 1 & Type 2 DM.

Identify pathogenesis and manifestations

UNIT II: Endocrine & Metabolic Disorders:Review the hypothalamic pituitary control mechanism of hormone secretions in the body.

Differentiate between hypo & hyper function of the endocrine glands.

A. Disorders of Growth Hormone:Discuss the functions of growth hormone

2. Discuss the disorders of Growth hormones

(Gigantism, Acromegaly & Dwarfism)

B. Disorders of endocrine pancreas (Diabetes Mellitus):Review of Anatomy & Physiology of endocrine pancreas+Briefly discuss the classification of diabetes mellitus (DM)

Discuss etiology, pathophysiology, and clinical manifestations of Type 1 DM & Type 2 DM+ Identify the main differences between Type 1 & Type 2 DM.

Identify pathogenesis and manifestations of the acute and chronic complications of diabetes mellitus.

C. Disorders of Thyroid Gland & Parathyroid gland:Review the Anatomy and Physiology of thyroid gland and parathyroid gland and hypothalamic pituitary thyroid feed back system.

Discuss the disorders associated with Thyroid gland i.e. hyporthyroidism +goiter (non-toxic)+cretinism+Myxedema

Discuss the disorders associated with Thyroid gland i.e hyperthyroidism+Grave’s disease +Goiter (toxic)

Discuss the mechanism of action of parathyroid hormone (parathormone and calcitonin)+Explain the effects of hypo and hyper parathyroidism on the body systems such as Renal and musculoskeletal system

D. Disorders of Adrenal gland +Review the Anatomy and Physiology of the Adrenal gland+Discuss the functions of adrenal cortex hormones (corticosteroid)

Discuss the following+Cushing’s syndrome +Addison’s disease.

UNIT III: Disorders of Neurological System:A. Pain:Review the concept of somatosensory pathway+Describe the function of Nociceptors in response to pain

Describe the function of endogenous analgesic mechanism as they relate to transmission of pain information.

Describe the proposed mechanism of pain relief associated with the use of heat, cold & TENS i.e. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation.

B. Disorders of Neurological function:Review the major vessels in the cerebral circulation+Review the, blood brain, & brain cerebrospinal fluid barrier.

Explain the degeneration of the nervous tissue that cause alteration in cerebral blood flow (stroke)+Risk factors and types of stroke+Transient Ischemic Attacks (TIAS)

UNIT-IV Disorder of Special Senses (Eye & ear):Review the A & P of eye & ear+Discuss some common visual & auditory dysfunction

Glaucoma+Tinnitus & hearing Loss

UNIT-V Cardiomuscular System:A. Cardiovascular Disorders:Review the following structure that support the cardiac metabolism

coronary circulation ( collateral arteries)+heart action i.e. conduction system ,myocardial contraction and relaxation

Explain the mechanism of blood vessels obstruction in atherosclerosis+Discuss the factors effecting cardiac performance in the light of Frank Starling and Lapcalce’s law i.e. preload, after load, & contractility+Eexplain the pathophysiological changes in patients with ischemic heart diseases :myocardial ischemia (angina & its types)

myocardial infarction

UNIT VI: Alteration in Muscloskeletal support and movement. (Trauma & Injury):Review of Anatomy and physiology of musculoskeleton system

 Books References 

1. Carol, Porth M. (2000). Pathophysiology concept of altered health states (new ed). Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott.

2. Sue, Huether E. (2000). Understanding pathophysiology New York: Mosby. 

3. Tortora, G. J., & Anagnostakos, N. P. (2000). Principles of anatomy and physiology New York:Harper & Row. 

4. Wilson, Sylvia A. Price & Lorraine M. (1997). Clinical concepts of disease processes (5th ed). Mosby